During the Belle Epoque,
most Europeans could not read
the novel became a new literary form that examined the dynamics of a changing society
sports figures began to acquire national reputations
all of the above
Working women in the late nineteenth century were hard to organize because
of employers' resistance
of opposition from male-dominated unions
women had no knowledge of how to create organizations
a and b
By the 1890s, women
were still denied access to higher education
moved into the growing field of social work
were denied positions as teachers
held enough political offices that they were able to pass legislation benefiting families
In the late nineteenth century, the arts as an expression of European civilization
attained a unity of forms and styles indicative of a common European culture and values
saw remarkably similar trends develop in different forms of art and architecture
benefited from a larger and more sophisticated audience
Which was probably not a part of popular culture at the end of the nineteenth century?
theatrical entertainments
the decadent movement in literature and the arts
professional soccer
mass journalism
The First International contributed to the development of a workers' movement because it
stressed the international ties of the workers in a nationalistic age
rejected dogmatic Marxism
encouraged doctrinal flexibility
allowed for local initiatives and variation
Which of the following did nineteenth-century anarchists see as their chief enemy?
religion
pacifists
the state
trade unions
The Vatican Council of 1869-1870
advised the pope to come to terms with modern civilization
issued a statement approving the values of capitalist society
proclaimed the dogma of papal infallibility
acknowledged the exclusive authority of the state over its citizens
Pope Leo X's encyclical Rerum Novarum
condemned private property
recognized the right of the workers to organize
warned the state against favoring the undeserving poor
urged the masses to accept capitalism
The widespread nature of anti-Semitism was due to which of the following factors?
it was part of a wider attack on liberalism
Jews appeared to symbolize liberal, capitalist society
nationalists viewed Jews as a threat to national traditions
social Darwinism encouraged it
The revolt of the Paris Commune, crushed by government forces in 1871,
was the first major uprising in Europe to attempt to establish a socialist state
weakened the French state so that it was defeated by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War
showed that the forces of the left were considerably more ruthless than those of the right
became a symbol of open class struggle for socialists and radicals across Europe
Which best describes the Third Republic in France?
it was one of the most progressive states in Europe in its social welfare policies
it had a strong executive
issues of church-state relations had been largely resolved
it survived because it was a regime of compromise
In Germany after the fall of Bismarck
the right-wing tried to foster support through the creation of nationalist and imperialist leagues
the popular Social Democratic Party assumed an increasingly powerful role in government
the government abandoned much of the social welfare legislation that Bismarck had created
the authoritarian, Prussian-dominated system was liberalized under pressures from the other parts of Germany
Which was not among the problems Italy faced between 1840 and 1914?
the south was much less developed than the north
Italy had the lowest rate of economic growth in Europe
an Italian army suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of native Ethiopians
Italy's governments of well-to-do liberals did not have the support of many workers, Catholics, and peasants
All but which of the following was a goal of the Russian revolution of 1905?
a national constitution
the recognition of labor unions
abdication of the tsar
the granting of civil liberties
After the revolution of 1905 in Russia
the tsar's powers of appointment and decision-making were curtailed
the government tried to strengthen the village-communal system of agriculture in order to improve conditions of the peasants
workers were granted new rights to welfare and participation
Russia at last adopted the western model of representative assemblies and political parties
The Magyars of Hungary were unable to obtain greater independence within the Austro-Hungarian empire because
the emperor used the army to quell their rebellion
the politically-active Magyars tended to embrace socialism
the Magyars were a minority in Hungary and needed the Austro-Hungarian empire to support their position
the Magyar elite was too preoccupied with economic modernization to pursue political goals
Before 1914 Spain might be described as
the least liberal European government after Russia
one of the most effectively centralized governments on the continent
a country that used foreign and imperial adventures to build support at home
a country with a tradition of parliamentarism that balanced the power of other groups
In 1900, which of the following parties was founded in Britain?
the Conservative party
the Labour party
the Liberal party
the Whig party
Britain's success in representative government rested upon
the reluctance of the working class to strike
a homogenous population without religious or ethnic differences
a strong two-party system to channel political action
an aristocracy that willingly handed over its power
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